Introduction - Resources 2008/09
This publication is one of four reference volumes published annually by the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA). HESA is a company limited by guarantee, and is owned by the United Kingdom (UK) higher education sector through the representative bodies Universities UK and GuildHE. HESA collects data from publicly-funded higher education institutions (HEIs) in the UK on behalf of funding bodies and government departments, in a framework underpinned by legislation.
This volume brings together information about the finances and the staff of HEIs during the academic year 2008/09 that is, the period 1 August 2008 to 31 July 2009. Additionally for the first time this year the volume includes information from the Higher Education-Business and Community Interaction Survey.
The staff return covers data supplied by 166 HEIs (131 in England, 12 in Wales, 19 in Scotland, 4 in Northern Ireland); one of the English HEIs, The University of Buckingham, is a non-publicly-funded institution voluntarily providing data to HESA. The number of Welsh institutions in this volume is different from the number reported in some other HESA products because of the inclusion of finance and staff data from The University of Wales (central functions).
The number of English institutions in the finance return differs from the number reported in the staff return because financial reporting for University Campus Suffolk takes place through its two parent institutions, The University of East Anglia and The University of Essex. Staff are reported separately for University Campus Suffolk from 2008/09. The total number of HEIs in the finance return is therefore 165.
The Higher Education-Business and Community Interaction (HE-BCI) Survey includes responses from 160 of the UK HEIs. This includes data from University Campus Suffolk, but excludes data from The University of Wales (central functions). Five Scottish institutions opted to make a nil return in this survey.
The data collection procedure is uniform across all institutions, regardless of size, nature and location. Tabulations are included that record and analyse income and expenditure, and the characteristics of staff, both academic and non-academic. The HE-BCI data is collected in two parts, part A is a qualitative questionnaire and part B a set of quantitative data.
The other reference volumes published by HESA are as follows.
Students in Higher Education Institutions. This volume draws on HESA’s collection of data about students in HEIs. It includes information at the institutional level about entry qualifications, programmes taken and outcomes, together with background variables such as age, gender, ethnicity and disability. Data on HE provision in further education colleges (FECs) is not included in this volume except for students funded indirectly through HEIs, in which case it is reported by the HEI through which funding passes.
Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education. This volume draws on the Destinations of Leavers from HE (DLHE) survey and provides information about patterns of employment and further study or training at a point about six months after completion. DLHE covers leavers from part-time as well as full-time programmes.
Higher Education Statistics for the United Kingdom. This is the only HESA reference volume that currently falls within the National Statistics framework, and it accordingly carries the National Statistics logo as well as that of HESA. It provides an overview of higher education in the UK from a statistical perspective, including statistics about applications, participation, institutional finance, staffing, student awards and loans. To achieve this broad coverage, this volume draws on data collected by other bodies as well as HESA, and in particular includes some information about directly funded HE provision in FECs.
HESA also publishes annually two Statistical First Releases within the National Statistics framework. Detailed data for institutional planning purposes is published on CD (HE Planning Plus and HE Finance Plus). The HESA Information Provision Service exists to meet more specialist needs of data users on a bespoke basis. The Higher Education Information Database for Institutions (heidi) commenced operation in April 2007, and offers a subscription service to institutions and approved HE bodies to allow the interrogation of HESA and other data through the production and export of tabular reports, and their display as charts.
Format of publications
Commencing with the 2002/03 cycle of publications, HESA reference volumes now comprise a relatively slim printed volume containing only a limited range of tables, together with a CD, which contains all the remaining data familiar to users from earlier years, supplemented with additional and more detailed tables. The tables on the CD are in Microsoft® Excel 2003 format. This has the further benefit of allowing users to select data from the tables and manipulate how it is displayed. However, arithmetical manipulations should be carried out with caution because of the effect of the rounding strategy applied to counts of staff (see Definitions under ‘Rounding strategy’ for details on this).
Finance data
This commentary draws attention to some of the headline figures and key points that emerge from the main tables. The information is displayed graphically where appropriate. It should be noted that where comparisons are made between the latest financial year and a previous year, the figures for the previous year are as re-stated in the most recent financial statements available; any exceptions are noted explicitly. They are not therefore necessarily reconcilable with figures for that year published in previous HESA volumes. However, it is understood that all such figures can be reconciled to the published accounts of the institutions.
Because of rounding, published totals in finance tables may differ from the sum of the published figures that contribute to them.
Summary of key points
Balance sheet
- Tangible assets have increased by £1,774 million (7.1%).
- There has been an increase of £712 million in short-term borrowing and an increase of £138 million in short-term investments.
Income and expenditure
- Income during the year amounted to £25.4 billion.
- The surplus of income over expenditure was £330 million.
Sources of income
- Funding body grants increased by £333 million (3.9%).
- The amount of income received from tuition fees and education contracts increased by 16.2%. Income from full-time Home/EU domiciled undergraduate students provided 46.3% of the income in this category, and that from overseas (non-EU) students provided 30.2%.
- Research Councils provided 36.9% of research grants and contracts, the largest share of the total.
Expenditure
- The £2,067 million (9.0%) rise in total expenditure was largely the result of broadly similar percentage rises in each of the two large components, staff costs (£1,034 million, 7.9%) and other operating expenses (£829 million, 10.0%).
Balance sheet
A comparison of the HE sector’s balance sheet at 31 July 2009 with that at 31 July 2008 (both as stated in the 2008/09 accounts in Table A below) shows a £712 million increase in short-term creditors while amounts due after more than one year have increased by £311 million. There was an increase of £105 million in debtors.
The value of tangible assets has increased by £1,774 million (7.1%), whereas endowment assets have fallen by £280 million (a loss of 8.0%).
Table A - Balance sheet(#5) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Balance (£ thousands) as at 31 July | ||||
2009 | 2008 | Change | % change | |
Fixed assets | ||||
Intangible assets1 | (58167) | (35240) | (22927) | 65.1% |
Tangible assets | 26815019 | 25040999 | 1774020 | 7.1% |
Investments | 1361837 | 1106797 | 255040 | 23.0% |
Investments in joint ventures: share of gross assets | 202377 | 145223 | 57154 | 39.4% |
Investments in joint ventures: share of gross liabilities | (134932) | (85568) | (49364) | 57.7% |
Total | 28186134 | 26172211 | 2013923 | 7.7% |
Endowment assets | 3230766 | 3510180 | (279414) | (8.0%) |
Current assets | ||||
Stock | 112857 | 93721 | 19136 | 20.4% |
Debtors | 2708025 | 2603262 | 104763 | 4.0% |
Investments | 3440741 | 3302629 | 138112 | 4.2% |
Cash at bank & in hand | 2024660 | 1785828 | 238832 | 13.4% |
Total | 8286284 | 7785440 | 500844 | 6.4% |
Total creditors (amounts falling due within one year) | 6445864 | 5734064 | 711800 | 12.4% |
Net current assets/(liabilities) | 1840419 | 2051376 | (210957) | (10.3%) |
Total assets less current liabilities | 33257319 | 31733767 | 1523552 | 4.8% |
Total creditors (amounts falling due after more than one year) | 5091929 | 4780829 | 311100 | 6.5% |
Provisions for liabilities & charges | 368924 | 310958 | 57966 | 18.6% |
Net assets excluding pension asset/(liability) | 27796465 | 26641980 | 1154485 | 4.3% |
Net pension asset/(liability) | (4409230) | (2895590) | (1513640) | 52.3% |
Net assets including pension asset/(liability) | 23387235 | 23746390 | (359155) | (1.5%) |
Deferred capital grants | 9452699 | 8702480 | 750219 | 8.6% |
Endowments | ||||
Expendable* | 884003 | 942621 | (58618) | (6.2%) |
Permanent* | 2348191 | 2569106 | (220915) | (8.6%) |
Total | 3232194 | 3511727 | (279533) | (8.0%) |
Total reserves | 10702342 | 11532183 | (829841) | (7.2%) |
Total funds | 23387235 | 23746390 | (359155) | (1.5%) |
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables | ||||
*For one HEI the endowments expendable and endowments permanent figures were transposed in error. For further information see note #19 in Notes to tables. | ||||
All values in the FSR are shown in units of £1000, and where necessary rounded to the nearest £1000; the consequence of which is that sum of individual values in each row or column may not match the total value. |
Income and expenditure
The income of the HE sector totalled £25.4 billion during the financial year to 31 July 2009; this compares with £23.4 billion for the previous year. The surplus of income over expenditure decreased from £488 million in 2007/08 to £330 million in 2008/09.
Table B - Income and expenditure, financial years 2008/09 and 2007/08(#5) | |||
---|---|---|---|
(£ thousands) | |||
2008/09 | 2007/08 | % change | |
Total income* | 25373267 | 23428930 | 8.3% |
Net income* | 25274298 | 23365635 | 8.2% |
Total expenditure | 24944436 | 22877440 | 9.0% |
Surplus/(deficit) for the year* | 329862 | 488195 | (32.4%) |
Surplus/(deficit) as percentage of net income | 1.3% | 2.1% | |
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables | |||
* See definitions for further details |
To provide the context for these figures, Chart 1 shows the HE sector’s surplus/deficit (re-based and re-calculated as appropriate) for each of the last 10 years. These are cash figures to which no deflator has been applied. Data were returned to HESA for financial year 1993/94 onwards; figures for these financial years are set out in earlier editions of this volume.
The number of institutions reporting a surplus or breakeven was 125 out of 165 in 2008/09 compared with 135 out of 165 in 2007/08. 19 institutions reported deficits in both financial years.
The final table in this section aggregates figures for institutions funded by each of the four UK countries’ funding councils. It should be noted that in this and other tables, The Open University is counted as an institution based in England, although its funding now includes contributions from other administrations. The tables include finance data for The University of Buckingham, which is a non-publicly-funded institution in England and operates on a different financial year from the 1 August to 31 July financial year standard for the rest of the sector.
Table C - Income and expenditure by UK country 2008/09 and 2007/08(#5) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(£ thousands) | |||||||||||
Financial Year 2008/09 | Financial Year 2007/08 | ||||||||||
Location of Institution | Total income* | Net income* | Total expenditure | Surplus/ (deficit) for the year* | % of net income | Total income* | Net income* | Total expenditure | Surplus/ (deficit) for the year* | % of net income | |
England | 21027238 | 20930047 | 20654164 | 275883 | 1.3% | 19388966 | 19327524 | 18937586 | 389938 | 2.0% | |
Wales | 1171536 | 1170423 | 1149380 | 21043 | 1.8% | 1091645 | 1090027 | 1060040 | 29987 | 2.8% | |
Scotland | 2663203 | 2662542 | 2636974 | 25568 | 1.0% | 2482602 | 2482377 | 2437650 | 44727 | 1.8% | |
Northern Ireland | 511290 | 511286 | 503918 | 7368 | 1.4% | 465717 | 465707 | 442164 | 23543 | 5.1% | |
Total | 25373267 | 25274298 | 24944436 | 329862 | 1.3% | 23428930 | 23365635 | 22877440 | 488195 | 2.1% | |
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables | |||||||||||
* See definitions for further details |
Income
The table and chart below summarise institutions’ sources of income in terms of proportions contributed by, and the growth or otherwise of, each source over time.
Table D - Sources of income 2008/09 and 2007/08(#5) | |||
---|---|---|---|
(£ thousands) | |||
2008/09 | 2007/08 | % change | |
Funding body grants | 8819359 | 8486066 | 3.9% |
Tuition fees & education contracts | 7282639 | 6267029 | 16.2% |
Research grants & contracts | 4144582 | 3713077 | 11.6% |
Other income | 4769744 | 4440978 | 7.4% |
Endowment & investment income | 356942 | 521780 | -31.6% |
Total income* | 25373267 | 23428930 | 8.3% |
Less: share of income in joint venture(s) | (98969) | (63295) | 56.4% |
Net income* | 25274298 | 23365635 | 8.2% |
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables | |||
* See definitions for further details | |||
All values in the FSR are shown in units of £1000, and where necessary rounded to the nearest £1000; the consequence of which is that sum of individual values in each row or column may not match the total value. |
Funding body grants represent a 34.8% proportion of total income. Tuition fees & education contracts represent a 28.7% proportion of total income. Compared to 2007/08, the first of these proportions has fallen by 1.5% and the second has risen by 2.0%. The breakdown in Table D also shows the component of income arising from joint ventures, and the net income after removing this component.
Funding body grants
Institutional funds for academic and other purposes are allocated primarily by the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE), the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales (HEFCW), the Scottish Funding Council (SFC) and by the Department for Employment and Learning for Northern Ireland (DEL(NI)) acting as a funding agency for the four Northern Ireland higher education institutions. Some funds are also provided in England by the Department of Health (DH) and the Training and Development Agency for Schools (TDA). In relation to some categories of FE teaching funding comes from the Learning and Skills Council (LSC) in England and the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG).
Table E - Breakdown of funding body grants 2008/09 | ||
---|---|---|
(£ thousands) | ||
% of total | ||
Grants for HE provision (SFC grants for all provision) | ||
Recurrent (teaching) | 5754562 | 65.2% |
Recurrent (research) | 1834091 | 20.8% |
Recurrent - other (including special funding) | 741045 | 8.4% |
Release of deferred capital grants - buildings | 237208 | 2.7% |
Release of deferred capital grants - equipment | 149179 | 1.7% |
Grants for FE provision (not applicable to SFC) | 103274 | 1.2% |
Total funding body grants | 8819359 | 100.0% |
Tuition fees and education contracts
The total income for tuition fees and education contracts increased by 16.2% this year to £7.28 billion from £6.27 billion in 2007/08. New fee arrangements, which came into effect in 2006/07, contributed substantially to increases in this component of income in 2006/07 and 2007/08, and again in 2008/09. The breakdown in Table F differs from that in years prior to 2006/07 because the previous breakdown is no longer compatible with the different fee systems in each of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Income from full-time Home/EU domiciled undergraduate students provided 46.3% of the income in this category, and that from overseas (non-EU) students provided 30.2%.
Table F - Income from tuition fees and education contracts 2008/09 | ||
---|---|---|
(£ thousands) | ||
% of total | ||
HE course fees | ||
Home & EU domicile students | ||
Full-time undergraduate* | 3373530 | 46.3% |
Full-time postgraduate* | 553817 | 7.6% |
Part-time undergraduate* | 279526 | 3.8% |
Part-time postgraduate* | 311464 | 4.3% |
Non-EU domicile students | 2199627 | 30.2% |
Total HE course fees | 6751566 | 92.7% |
Non-credit-bearing course fees | 357066 | 4.9% |
FE course fees | 44516 | 0.6% |
Research training support grants | 129491 | 1.8% |
Total tuition fees & education contracts | 7282639 | 100.0% |
*For one HEI home & EU domicile HE course fees figures have been excluded. For further information see note #20 in Notes to tables. | ||
All values in the FSR are shown in units of £1000, and where necessary rounded to the nearest £1000; the consequence of which is that sum of individual values in each row or column may not match the total value. |
Research grants and contracts
Research grants and contracts increased by 11.6% this year to £4.14 billion from £3.71 billion in 2007/08. The Research Councils continue to be the largest providers by representing a 36.9% proportion of total research grants and contracts income.
Table G - Income from research grants and contracts 2008/09 | ||
---|---|---|
(£ thousands) | ||
% of total | ||
BIS Research Councils, The Royal Society, British Academy & The Royal Society of Edinburgh | 1531128 | 36.9% |
UK based charities (open competitive process) | 771733 | 18.6% |
UK based charities (other) | 124290 | 3.0% |
UK central government bodies/local authorities, health & hospital authorities | 706300 | 17.0% |
UK industry, commerce & public corporations | 312514 | 7.5% |
EU government bodies | 324832 | 7.8% |
EU based charities (open competitive process) | 6690 | 0.2% |
EU industry, commerce & public corporations | 37143 | 0.9% |
EU other | 22890 | 0.6% |
Non-EU-based charities (open competitive process) | 87317 | 2.1% |
Non-EU industry, commerce & public corporations | 88772 | 2.1% |
Non-EU other | 80266 | 1.9% |
Other sources | 50708 | 1.2% |
Total research grants & contracts | 4144582 | 100.0% |
All values in the FSR are shown in units of £1000, and where necessary rounded to the nearest £1000; the consequence of which is that sum of individual values in each row or column may not match the total value. |
Other income
Income in this category increased by 7.4% this year to £4.77 billion from £4.44 billion in 2007/08.
Table H - Other income 2008/09 | ||
---|---|---|
(£ thousands) | ||
% of total | ||
Other services rendered | ||
UK central government/local authorities, health and hospital authorities, EU government bodies | 479069 | 10.0% |
Other | 1089712 | 22.8% |
Total other services rendered | 1568781 | 32.9% |
Residences & catering operations (including conferences) | 1411220 | 29.6% |
Grants from local authorities | 12483 | 0.3% |
Income from health & hospital authorities (excluding teaching contracts for student provision) | 355028 | 7.4% |
Released from deferred capital grants | 110194 | 2.3% |
Income from intellectual property rights | 43722 | 0.9% |
Other operating income | 1268316 | 26.6% |
Total other income | 4769744 | 100.0% |
Expenditure
The 9.0% (£2,067 million) rise in expenditure to £24.9 billion as shown in Table I did not vary greatly as a percentage between the two largest components, of staff costs and other operating expenses. In 2008/09 there was a slightly smaller percentage increase in depreciation, and the largest percentage increase was in the smallest component, interest and other finance costs.
Table I - Expenditure, financial years ending 2008/09 and 2007/08(#5) | |||
---|---|---|---|
(£ thousands) | |||
2008/09 | 2007/08 | % change | |
Staff costs | 14164715 | 13130490 | 7.9% |
Other operating expenses | 9097354 | 8268654 | 10.0% |
Depreciation | 1299748 | 1191349 | 9.1% |
Interest and other finance costs | 382619 | 286947 | 33.3% |
Total | 24944436 | 22877440 | 9.0% |
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables |
The percentage distribution of expenditure by activity within the total as shown in Table J has changed little from the previous year. Academic departments represent a 39.9% proportion of total expenditure and residences and catering operations represent a proportion of just 5.1%.
Table J - Distribution of expenditure by activity 2008/09 | ||
---|---|---|
(£ thousands) | ||
% of total | ||
Academic departments | 9958603 | 39.9% |
Academic services | 1906605 | 7.6% |
Administration & central services | 3698514 | 14.8% |
Premises | 2843787 | 11.4% |
Residences & catering operations (including conferences) | 1276866 | 5.1% |
Research grants & contracts | 3392978 | 13.6% |
Other expenditure | 1867082 | 7.5% |
Total expenditure | 24944436 | 100.0% |
All values in the FSR are shown in units of £1000, and where necessary rounded to the nearest £1000; the consequence of which is that sum of individual values in each row or column may not match the total value. |
The clinical medicine cost centre (1,017 million, 10.2%) and business & management studies cost centre (£1,017 million, 10.2%) continue to have the largest shares of total expenditure on academic departments in 2008/09. Other shares of at least 5% are those of social studies (£794 million, 8.0%), design & creative arts (£644 million, 6.5%), education (£624 million, 6.3%), biosciences (£595 million, 6.0%), nursing & paramedical studies (£586 million, 5.9%) and humanities & language-based studies2 (£576 million, 5.8%). These numbers are derived from the Total UK row of Table 2d.
Staff data
The HESA Staff Record covers all academic and non-academic staff who have a contract of employment with a higher education institution (HEI) in the UK, or for whom the HEI is liable to pay Class 1 National Insurance contributions. Other staff, such as those employed under consultancy contracts, or on the basis of payment of fees for services but without a contract of employment, are not included in the record.
Within this record, staff designated as ‘academic’ include academic professionals who are responsible for preparing, directing and undertaking academic teaching and research within HE institutions and also medical practitioners, dentists, veterinarians and other health care professionals who undertake lecturing or research activities. By custom and practice, a small number of other staff who do not have direct responsibility for the delivery of either teaching or research, including some institutional officers, are also designated as ‘academic’. All other staff in HEIs are designated as ‘non-academic’, and are grouped in twelve categories. In some tabulations these are combined into three broad-brush groups.
The amount of information collected on individual members of staff depends on the staff category into which they fall. Academic staff are recruited within a national, or indeed international, market, but one that is specialised by subject area. It is of value to be able to identify patterns of career progression as staff move from institution to institution, and to compare staffing resources with teaching and research commitments and funding streams. For such staff, the full record is collected. By contrast, for clerical, secretarial and manual staff, recruitment is from the labour market local to each institution. Although the individual institution may need to monitor its staffing position in considerable detail, the national data requirement is very limited, and is focused mainly on equal opportunities monitoring. For staff in these categories, the data collection is limited to a subset of the fields in the full record.
A key feature of the HESA Staff Record is the format of collection. Data can be analysed in terms of both people and employment contracts. The record consists of two tables. The person table contains one record for each person employed by an institution during the reporting period and contains attributes of the individual such as birth date, gender and ethnicity. Each person’s employment with an institution will be governed by one or more legally-binding contracts and each contract that exists is recorded on the contract table. If a person has a single contract with the institution there will be one record on the person table and one record on the contract table. If a person has three contracts with an institution there will be one record on the person table and three records on the contract table.
Prior to 2003/04, the coverage and structure of HESA data collections on staff were very different, and caution is needed if it is desired to make meaningful comparisons between data from those collections, and from collections for 2003/04 onwards. Reference should be made to the 2003/04 or 2004/05 volumes for more details. From 2003/04 onwards, the only fundamental changes have been the inclusion of atypical staff, starting in 2004/05, and the revision of the cost centres, also introduced for 2004/05. Atypical staff are, broadly speaking, staff on contracts that qualify them for inclusion in the HESA Staff Record, but are not on a full-time or proportionate part-time basis. Such staff may be found throughout the sector, but form an important component of the total staffing in subject areas such as performing arts and fine art.
As most HE institutions have moved to align with the Framework for the Modernisation of Pay Structures over the past few years, the previous national academic grading structures have become outmoded. As a consequence of this there is no longer a single grading structure that can be used to compare institutions across the HE sector. The analyses by staff grade seen in previous editions of this volume can therefore no longer be published. HESA, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, has concluded that the most appropriate and comparable replacement measure of staff seniority is one based upon salary information reported within the HESA Staff Record. Salary ranges have been defined which align with the nationally-agreed pay spine (for non-clinical staff). Because salary range boundaries have been linked to the national pay spine, they will change annually in accordance with nationally-agreed pay settlements, thereby removing the need for average earnings adjustments.
Whilst the previous disaggregation of academic staff grade is no longer available, collection of information on professorial status has been retained. However, the definition of this information from 2008/09 onwards differs from that used in 2007/08 and prior (see definitions for details). HESA therefore advises caution when comparing numbers of professors in 2008/09 with previous years.
Summary of key points
In 2008/09 there were in total 252,520 (2007/08: 248,025; 2006/07: 242,620) full-time staff in the HE sector, of whom 46.5% (46.0%; 45.9%) were female, and 130,240 (124,430; 121,540) part-time staff, of whom 67.3% (67.6%; 67.5%) were female. Also, there were 194,125 (192,230; 180,710) atypical staff, of whom 52.1% (51.3%; 50.9%) were female. The increase in the number of atypical staff may be in part a reporting effect as institutions become progressively more familiar with this reporting requirement.
Of all academic staff other than atypicals, 43.4% (42.6%; 42.3%) were female; for full time academic staff the proportion was 37.8% (37.1%; 36.8%) and for part-time academic staff, 54.2% (53.7%; 53.3%). The proportion of atypical academic staff who were female was 47.1% (46.7%; 46.5%).
The total (full-person-equivalent) number of academic staff other than atypicals was 179040 (174,945; 169,995), of whom 117,465 (116,495; 113,685) were full-time, constituting 46.5% (47.0%; 46.9%) of all full-time staff, and 61,575 (58,450; 56,310) were part-time, constituting 47.3% (47.0%; 46.3%) of all part-time staff. There were 83,290 (84,560; 85,000) atypical academic staff, constituting 42.9% (44.0%; 47.0%) of all atypical staff. The number of full-time academic staff increased by 2.5% between 2006/07 and 2007/08, and by a further 0.8% between 2007/08 and 2008/09.
Of all full-time academic posts, 72.1% (72.0%; 71.6%) were wholly financed by the institutions themselves.
Teaching as a primary employment function was included in 70.9% (71.0%; 70.8%) of full-time and 88.7% (88.1%; 87.8%) of part-time academic posts.
The average age of full-time academic staff was 43.1 (43.0; 42.9), and 41.4% (41.1%; 41.1%) were aged over 45.
Ethnicity was reported for 91.5% (90.8%; 90.7%) of all full- and part-time staff. Of those of known ethnicity, 10.6% (10.3%; 9.9%) were drawn from ethnic minority groups. For academic staff the percentages were 90.3% (89.7%; 89.7%) and 11.6% (11.4%; 11.0%). Both the overall proportion of ethnic minority staff, and the pattern on which different ethnic minority groups were represented, varied considerably by staff group. Ethnicity was reported for 60.8% (57.2%; 51.8%) of atypical staff, and, of those of known ethnicity, 17.3% (17.0%; 16.0%) were from ethnic minority groups.
Disability status was reported for 90.9% (92.6%; 92.4%) of all full- and part-time staff, and of those of known disability status, 3.0% (2.7%; 2.6%) had a disability. For full- and part-time academic staff, the percentages were 90.8% (92.4%; 92.4%) and 3.1% (2.5%; 2.2%). For atypical staff, the percentages were 80.5% (72.8%; 75.7%) and 1.6% (1.4%; 1.3%).
Among full-time academic staff, 40.7% had contract salaries between £41,118 and £55,258. For part-time academic staff, 48.3% had contract salaries between £30,594 and £41,118.
Of all full-time academic staff, 26.5% (26.2%; 26.3%) were employed in medicine, dentistry, or health.
Of all research-only staff, 73.9% (75.5%; 77.8%) were employed on fixed-term contracts.
General
Table K shows the overall pattern of staffing in UK HEIs, including atypical staff.
Table K - All staff in all UK institutions by activity, mode of employment and gender(#3) 2008/09 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full-time | Part-time | Atypical | |||||||||
Female | Male | Total | Female | Male | Total | Female | Male | Total | |||
All activities | 117315 | 135205 | 252520 | 87695 | 42540 | 130240 | 100785 | 92625 | 194125 | ||
Managers | 6860 | 7390 | 14250 | 1360 | 350 | 1710 | 170 | 225 | 400 | ||
Academic professionals | 44350 | 73115 | 117465 | 33400 | 28175 | 61575 | 39180 | 43920 | 83290 | ||
Non-academic professionals | 11680 | 10455 | 22135 | 4260 | 1220 | 5480 | 5385 | 5595 | 10985 | ||
Laboratory, engineering, building, IT & medical technicians (including nurses) | 6775 | 16265 | 23040 | 3060 | 1510 | 4570 | 2340 | 3405 | 5740 | ||
Student welfare workers, careers advisors, vocational training instructors, personnel & planning officers | 4365 | 1980 | 6345 | 2840 | 625 | 3465 | 4845 | 2835 | 7695 | ||
Artistic, media, public relations, marketing & sports occupations | 2425 | 1980 | 4405 | 1090 | 430 | 1520 | 3045 | 2210 | 5275 | ||
Library assistants, clerks & general administrative assistants | 25555 | 7655 | 33215 | 17560 | 3935 | 21495 | 30220 | 21440 | 52130 | ||
Secretaries, typists, receptionists & telephonists | 9980 | 850 | 10830 | 6260 | 510 | 6775 | 2855 | 2005 | 4860 | ||
Chefs, gardeners, electrical & construction trades, mechanical fitters & printers | 610 | 4250 | 4865 | 265 | 140 | 405 | 275 | 340 | 615 | ||
Caretakers, residential wardens, sports & leisure attendants, nursery nurses & care occupations | 1245 | 1610 | 2855 | 1475 | 855 | 2330 | 1590 | 1315 | 2905 | ||
Retail & customer service occupations | 375 | 215 | 590 | 545 | 165 | 715 | 840 | 525 | 1365 | ||
Drivers, maintenance supervisors & plant operatives | 160 | 1170 | 1325 | 110 | 125 | 235 | 80 | 135 | 215 | ||
Cleaners, catering assistants, security officers, porters & maintenance workers | 2935 | 8265 | 11205 | 15475 | 4495 | 19970 | 9955 | 8680 | 18640 | ||
In this table 0, 1, 2 are rounded to 0. All other numbers are rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 5. | |||||||||||
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables |
In 2008/09 (that is, on 1 December 2008) there were in total 252,520 full-time staff, of whom 46.5% were female, 130,240 part-time staff, of whom 67.3% were female, and 194,125 atypical staff, of whom 52.1% were female. Of the full-time staff, 46.5% were academic (group 2 in detailed tabulations), 27.8% were managerial, professional and technical (groups 1, 3, 4, 5, 6), 17.4% were secretarial and clerical (groups 7, 8), and 8.3% were manual (groups 9, 10, 11, 12, 13). The corresponding figures for part-time staff were 47.3%, 12.9%, 21.7% and 18.2%, and for atypical staff, 42.9%, 15.5%, 29.4% and 12.2%. The numbers in Table K are full-person equivalents (headcounts, but apportioned across contracts where there are multiple contracts), not full-time equivalents (FTE; weighted by proportion relative to full-time), and for most purposes it is not useful to compare absolute numbers across the three different modes of employment because of the very different FTE weights involved. An extreme example is given by an atypical member of academic staff giving just a single class in the course of the year, who might have an FTE weight as low as 0.001. Even when comparing percentages of totals, it should be borne in mind that among part-time staff, and to an even greater extent among atypical staff, the FTE weighting of individuals varies greatly and may be correlated with the group into which they fall.
43.4% of all academic staff other than atypicals were female. Women comprised 37.8% of those working full-time and 54.2% of those working part-time. Of atypical academic staff, 47.1% were female.
Table Li and Lii respectively provide a breakdown of academic and non-academic staffing in HE excluding atypicals. The reason for this exclusion is that the factors by which numbers are broken down in the rows of this table are not recorded for atypicals, with the exception of gender where the information is available in Table K.
Table Li - Summary of academic staff (excluding atypical) in all UK institutions 2008/09 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Full-time | Part-time | Total | |
Total academic staff(#3) | 117465 | 61575 | 179040 |
Gender | |||
Female | 44350 | 33400 | 77745 |
Male | 73115 | 28175 | 101290 |
Source of salary | |||
Wholly institutionally financed | 84700 | 54745 | 139445 |
Other sources of finance | 32760 | 6830 | 39595 |
Academic employment function | |||
Teaching only | 8210 | 37610 | 45825 |
Teaching & research | 75110 | 17025 | 92135 |
Research only | 33170 | 6745 | 39915 |
Neither teaching nor research | 970 | 195 | 1170 |
Salary range | |||
Contract salary < £17,026 | 185 | 1500 | 1685 |
Contract salary ≥ £17,026 and < £22,765 | 1115 | 1380 | 2495 |
Contract salary ≥ £22,765 and < £30,594 | 11180 | 9855 | 21035 |
Contract salary ≥ £30,594 and < £41,118 | 33485 | 24800 | 58285 |
Contract salary ≥ £41,118 and < £55,259 | 47685 | 10280 | 57965 |
Contract salary ≥ £55,259 | 23505 | 3545 | 27050 |
Contract salary not applicable | 315 | 10210 | 10525 |
Professorial status | |||
Professor | 15530 | 2005 | 17535 |
Not a professor | 101930 | 59575 | 161505 |
Terms of employment | |||
Open-ended/permanent | 86135 | 29805 | 115945 |
Fixed-term contract | 31330 | 31770 | 63100 |
In this table 0, 1, 2 are rounded to 0. All other numbers are rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 5. | |||
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables |
In 2008/09, the total number of academic staff other than atypicals employed by UK HEIs was 179,040, of whom 117,465, or 65.6% were in full-time employment.
72.1% of full-time academic posts were wholly financed by the institutions themselves, this proportion rising to 88.9% for part-time posts.
70.9% of full-time academic posts and 88.7% of part-time academic posts included teaching as a primary employment function.
Among full-time academic staff, 40.7% had contract salaries between £41,118 and £55,258. For part-time academic staff, 48.3% had contract salaries between £30,594 and £41,118. It is worth clarifying here that salaries for part-time staff are not reported to HESA as pro-rata amounts but as salaries scaled up to full-time equivalent rates. Therefore the different modal points noted are likely to reflect material differences in the profiles of full and part-time staff.
Table Lii - Summary of non-academic staff (excluding atypical) in all UK institutions 2008/09 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Full-time | Part-time | Total | |
Total non-academic staff(#3) | 135055 | 68665 | 203720 |
Managerial, professional & technical staff | 70175 | 16745 | 86920 |
Clerical staff | 44045 | 28270 | 72310 |
Manual staff | 20835 | 23655 | 44490 |
Gender | |||
Managerial, professional & technical staff | |||
Female | 32105 | 12605 | 44715 |
Male | 38070 | 4135 | 42205 |
Clerical staff | |||
Female | 35535 | 23820 | 59355 |
Male | 8510 | 4445 | 12955 |
Manual staff | |||
Female | 5325 | 17870 | 23195 |
Male | 15510 | 5785 | 21295 |
Terms of employment | |||
Managerial, professional & technical staff | |||
Open-ended/permanent | 60355 | 11670 | 72020 |
Fixed-term contract | 9820 | 5075 | 14895 |
Clerical staff | |||
Open-ended/permanent | 38810 | 20895 | 59705 |
Fixed-term contract | 5230 | 7375 | 12605 |
Manual staff | |||
Open-ended/permanent | 19900 | 20115 | 40015 |
Fixed-term contract | 935 | 3540 | 4475 |
In this table 0, 1, 2 are rounded to 0. All other numbers are rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 5. | |||
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables |
The total number of non-academic staff, other than atypicals, employed by UK HEIs in 2008/09 was 203,720. Of these, 135,055 or 66.3% were in full-time employment.
Over half, 52.0%, of full-time non-academic posts were managerial, professional and technical. Of these, 54.2% were male. Of the non-academic part-time staff, 24.4% were in managerial, professional and technical posts, of which 75.3% were female.
Chart 3 shows contract salary ranges by activity group. The salary ranges have been defined with reference to the nationally–agreed pay spine for non-clinical staff.
81.2% of managerial, professional & technical staff contract salaries fell between £22,765 and £55,259. Academic staff were better represented in the upper salary ranges with 85.0% of academic contract salaries greater than or equal to £30,594. At the lower end of the salary spectrum, 79.4% of clerical staff had contract salaries between £17,026 and £30,594, while 88.7% of manual staff had contract salaries less than £22,765.
Inflow/outflow of academic staff
Tables 14a and 14b give details of the inflow and outflow of academic staff during the year. For a variety of reasons, it would be extremely difficult to draw out from those tables any easily understood human capital balance sheet for academic staff. Tables Mi and Mii achieve this by presenting numbers on a different basis, for headcount (used only in Tables Mi and Mii) rather than full-person-equivalent (used in all other contexts) academic staff only. This results in numbers that are slightly different from those in Table Li.
Table Mi - Full-time academic staff (excluding atypical) inflows and outflows 2007/08 to 2008/09 Headcount | |
---|---|
Total | |
Full-time academic staff at 1 December 2007 | 116695 |
Full-time academic staff at 1 December 2007 who are part-time academic at 1 December 2008 | 2965 |
Full-time academic staff at 1 December 2007 who are neither full-time nor part-time academic at 1 December 2008 | 14695 |
of which.. | |
Other UK HEI | 1750 |
Not other UK HEI (outflow) | 12940 |
UK | 2040 |
Non-UK | 1530 |
Not in regular employment | 1175 |
Retirement | 1185 |
Death | 90 |
Other/unknown | 6920 |
Full-time academic staff at 1 December in both years | 99040 |
Full-time academic staff at 1 December 2008 who were neither full-time nor part-time academic at 1 December 2007 | 16165 |
of which.. | |
Other UK HEI | 3960 |
Not other UK HEI (inflow) | 12205 |
UK | 6605 |
Non-UK | 3320 |
Not in regular employment | 310 |
Unknown | 1970 |
Full-time academic staff at 1 December 2008 who were part-time academic at 1 December 2007 | 2485 |
Full-time academic staff at 1 December 2008 | 117685 |
In this table 0, 1, 2 are rounded to 0. All other numbers are rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 5. |
Table Mi involves linkage between the staff records for 2007/08 and 2008/09. Starting from the number of full-time academic staff as at 1 December 2007, the number who can also be identified as full-time at the same institution on 1 December 2008 is determined, as is the number who have moved from full-time to part-time mode at the same institution. The balance is the number that have left their previous institution (or are still there but are no longer full- or part-time academic staff) during the year. Similarly, the number of full-time academic staff as at 1 December 2008 is determined, as is the number who have moved from part-time-to full-time mode at the same institution. From this, the number that have joined their current institution from outside during the year (or become full-time academic staff from some status other than part-time academic staff) is derived. This provides the overall structure of the balance sheet. The (headcount) number of full-time academic staff has increased from 116,695 to 117,685 during the year, an increase of 0.8%. Of those in post as at 1 December 2008, 99,040 , or 84.2% were full-time (and a further 2,485, or 2.1%, were part-time) academic staff at the same institution a year previously.
Table Mii - Part-time academic staff (excluding atypical) inflows and outflows 2007/08 to 2008/09 Headcount | |
---|---|
Total | |
Part-time academic staff at 1 December 2007 | 59360 |
Part-time academic staff at 1 December 2007 who are full-time academic at 1 December 2008 | 2485 |
Part-time academic staff at 1 December 2007 who are neither full-time nor part-time academic at 1 December 2008 | 14495 |
of which.. | |
Other UK HEI | 495 |
Not other UK HEI (outflow) | 14000 |
UK | 1655 |
Non-UK | 245 |
Not in regular employment | 960 |
Retirement | 640 |
Death | 40 |
Other/unknown | 10460 |
Part-time academic staff at 1 December in both years | 42375 |
Part-time academic staff at 1 December 2008 who were neither full-time nor part-time academic at 1 December 2007 | 17110 |
of which.. | |
Other UK HEI | 2315 |
Not other UK HEI (inflow) | 14795 |
UK | 7325 |
Non-UK | 835 |
Not in regular employment | 550 |
Unknown | 6085 |
Part-time academic staff at 1 December 2008 who were full-time academic at 1 December 2007 | 2965 |
Part-time academic staff at 1 December 2008 | 62450 |
In this table 0, 1, 2 are rounded to 0. All other numbers are rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 5. |
Table Mii provides similar information for part-time academic staff, and is constructed on the same basis with, of course, part-time and full-time modes interchanged as between the two tables. The (headcount) number of part-time academic staff has increased from 59,360 to 62,450 during the year, an increase of 5.2%. Of those in post as at 1 December 2008, 42,375, or 67.9%, were part-time (and a further 2,965, or 4.7%, were full-time) academic staff at the same institution a year previously. These figures show much lower retention rates for part-time staff than for full-time staff, and, within institutions, more movement from full-time to part-time than in the reverse direction.
Although these tables also give breakdowns of starters and leavers, regrettably the very large proportion of unknowns, particularly in the case of leavers, means that no conclusions can safely be drawn from the breakdowns. For example, leavers going to other institutions in the HE sector and starters coming from other institutions in the HE sector might be expected to balance across the sector, although moves between full-time and part-time status will make this balance only approximate within each mode, but under-reporting has resulted in widely different numbers. For the same reason, it is unsafe to draw any conclusions about the ‘brain drain/gain’.
Atypical academic staff are, by definition, employed on a basis that makes it inappropriate to construct such a table for them.
Age of academic staff
Table N presents the age distribution of full-time academic staff by grade.
Table N - Full-time academic staff (excluding atypical) by salary range and age 2008/09 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contract salary <£17,026 | Contract salary ≥ £17,026 and < £22,765 | Contract salary ≥ £22,765 and < £30,594 | Contract salary ≥ £30,594 and < £41,118 | Contract salary ≥ £41,118 and < £55,259 | Contract salary ≥ £55,259 | Contract salary not applicable | Total | |
25 & under | 35 | 255 | 1375 | 290 | 5 | 10 | 25 | 1995 |
26-30 | 30 | 270 | 5250 | 7925 | 535 | 20 | 45 | 14080 |
31-35 | 25 | 135 | 2370 | 10745 | 4175 | 260 | 20 | 17730 |
36-40 | 15 | 105 | 900 | 6275 | 8350 | 1655 | 30 | 17330 |
41-45 | 15 | 90 | 540 | 3610 | 9535 | 3815 | 25 | 17630 |
46-50 | 15 | 75 | 325 | 2190 | 8785 | 4760 | 25 | 16170 |
51-55 | 15 | 70 | 220 | 1395 | 7980 | 4990 | 30 | 14705 |
56-60 | 10 | 55 | 140 | 785 | 5940 | 5085 | 35 | 12045 |
61-65 | 10 | 40 | 50 | 235 | 2280 | 2740 | 40 | 5390 |
66 & over | 15 | 10 | 10 | 40 | 95 | 170 | 30 | 370 |
Unknown | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 10 |
Total | 185 | 1115 | 11180 | 33485 | 47685 | 23505 | 315 | 117465 |
In this table 0, 1, 2 are rounded to 0. All other numbers are rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 5. |
Of those staff whose age was known, 41.4% were aged over 45 and 12.5% were aged between 51 and 55.
The average age of full-time academic staff was 43.1 and of part-time staff, 45.0 [from Table 23a]. The average age of atypical academic staff was 40.4 [from Table 23b].
In the 25 & under age group, 69.8% of full-time academic staff earned a contract salary between £22,765 and £30,594 whereas the majority 60.7% of the 31–35 age group earned a salary between £30,594 and £41,118. In the 46–50 age group, the majority (54.4%) of full-time academic staff earned a salary between £41,118 and £55,259 and in 61–65 age group, 51.2% earned a contract salary of £55,259 or more.
Ethnicity of all staff
In Table P ethnicity is shown broken down by the four broad-brush staff groups and by mode of employment. The presentation of ethnicity data in this introductory section refers to staff of all nationalities, and this should be borne in mind if comparisons are made with figures published for years prior to 2003/04, which were restricted to UK nationality.
Table P - All staff by ethnicity, activity and mode of employment 2008/09 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Staff of known ethnicity | Staff of known ethnicity as a percentage of total staff | Ethnic minority staff | Ethnic minority staff as a percentage of staff of known ethnicity | |
All staff (excluding atypical) | 382760 | 350370 | 91.5% | 37250 | 10.6% |
Academic staff | 179040 | 161700 | 90.3% | 18835 | 11.6% |
Full-time | 117465 | 108450 | 92.3% | 13820 | 12.7% |
Part-time | 61575 | 53250 | 86.5% | 5015 | 9.4% |
Non-academic staff total | 203720 | 188675 | 92.6% | 18410 | 9.8% |
Full-time | 135055 | 126360 | 93.6% | 10960 | 8.7% |
Part-time | 68665 | 62315 | 90.8% | 7450 | 12.0% |
Managerial, professional & technical staff | 86920 | 81345 | 93.6% | 6680 | 8.2% |
Full-time | 70175 | 65900 | 93.9% | 5490 | 8.3% |
Part-time | 16745 | 15445 | 92.3% | 1190 | 7.7% |
Clerical staff | 72310 | 67655 | 93.6% | 6985 | 10.3% |
Full-time | 44045 | 41625 | 94.5% | 3980 | 9.6% |
Part-time | 28270 | 26030 | 92.1% | 3005 | 11.6% |
Manual staff | 44490 | 39675 | 89.2% | 4745 | 12.0% |
Full-time | 20835 | 18835 | 90.4% | 1490 | 7.9% |
Part-time | 23655 | 20840 | 88.1% | 3250 | 15.6% |
Atypical staff | 194125 | 117990 | 60.8% | 20465 | 17.3% |
Academic | 83290 | 49530 | 59.5% | 6555 | 13.2% |
Non-academic | 110835 | 68460 | 61.8% | 13910 | 20.3% |
Managerial, professional & technical staff | 30100 | 19875 | 66.0% | 3260 | 16.4% |
Clerical staff | 56990 | 34700 | 60.9% | 7665 | 22.1% |
Manual staff | 23740 | 13890 | 58.5% | 2990 | 21.5% |
In this table 0, 1, 2 are rounded to 0. All other numbers are rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 5. Percentages are not subject to rounding. |
Of all full-time and part-time staff, 91.5% reported their ethnicity. The response rate did not vary greatly by staff group and mode of employment. Among staff of known ethnicity, the proportion from ethnic minority groups varied considerably, with greater representation among academic staff at 11.6% than among non-academic staff at 9.8%.
Ethnicity was reported for only 60.8% of atypical staff. This low proportion is probably a consequence of the newness of the reporting requirement, with institutional staff record systems not yet fully adapted to collect the necessary data at the time of appointment and retrospective collection from staff on such contracts being impracticable. It may be expected to increase substantially in future, and has already increased from 40.7% in 2004/05, that being the first year of availability of the data. Of those atypical staff of known ethnicity, 17.3% were from ethnic minority groups.
Charts 4i to 4iv show the percentages of those from ethnic minorities for each of these four groups of full- and part-time staff. Charts 4v and 4vi show the position for atypical staff, broken down between academic and non-academic staff. The pattern in each group is noticeably different.
Disability of all staff
Table Q presents information on disability in the same style as Table P.
Table Q - All staff by disability status, activity and mode of employment 2008/09 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Staff of known disability status | Staff of known disability status as a percentage of total staff | Staff declared disabled | Disabled staff as a percentage of staff with known disability status | |
All staff (excluding atypical) | 379890 | 345220 | 90.9% | 10450 | 3.0% |
Academic staff | 177870 | 161505 | 90.8% | 4055 | 2.5% |
Full-time | 116520 | 104760 | 89.9% | 2690 | 2.6% |
Part-time | 61350 | 56750 | 92.5% | 1365 | 2.4% |
Non-academic staff total | 202020 | 183710 | 90.9% | 6395 | 3.5% |
Full-time | 133960 | 121630 | 90.8% | 4380 | 3.6% |
Part-time | 68060 | 62080 | 91.2% | 2015 | 3.2% |
Managerial, professional & technical staff | 86195 | 78380 | 90.9% | 2845 | 3.6% |
Full-time | 69610 | 63170 | 90.7% | 2255 | 3.6% |
Part-time | 16585 | 15210 | 91.7% | 590 | 3.9% |
Clerical staff | 71675 | 65945 | 92.0% | 2220 | 3.4% |
Full-time | 43645 | 39995 | 91.6% | 1425 | 3.6% |
Part-time | 28035 | 25950 | 92.6% | 795 | 3.1% |
Manual staff | 44145 | 39385 | 89.2% | 1330 | 3.4% |
Full-time | 20705 | 18465 | 89.2% | 700 | 3.8% |
Part-time | 23440 | 20920 | 89.2% | 625 | 3.0% |
Atypical staff | 192840 | 155240 | 80.5% | 2470 | 1.6% |
Academic | 82695 | 66460 | 80.4% | 780 | 1.2% |
Non-academic | 110145 | 88780 | 80.6% | 1690 | 1.9% |
Managerial, professional & technical staff | 29685 | 24910 | 83.9% | 350 | 1.4% |
Clerical staff | 56750 | 44060 | 77.6% | 1050 | 2.4% |
Manual staff | 23710 | 19810 | 83.6% | 290 | 1.5% |
In this table 0, 1, 2 are rounded to 0. All other numbers are rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 5. Percentages are not subject to rounding. | |||||
Data for one HEI has been excluded from these figures due to a known significant error in disability reporting in the 2008/09 Staff record. For further information see footnote #11 in Notes to tables. |
Disability status was reported for 90.9% of all full-time and part-time staff. Of those of known disability status, 3.0% declared a disability. For full-time and part-time academic staff, the percentages were 90.8% reported and 2.5% declared disabled. For atypical staff the percentages were 80.5% reported and 1.6% declared disabled.
Charts 5i to 5iv show the percentages of staff with a declared disability (excluding atypical) by each activity group (academic professional staff, managers, professional and technical staff, clerical staff and manual staff) and the type of disability based on the staff members’ own assessment.
Funding, professorial status, and gender of full-time academic staff
Table R - Full-time academic staff (excluding atypical) in all UK institutions by source of salary, clinical status, professorial status and gender(#3) 2008/09 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Source of salary | |||
Wholly institutionally financed | All other sources of finance | Total | |
Clinical academic | 4175 | 3275 | 7445 |
Professor | 955 | 535 | 1495 |
Female | 160 | 80 | 245 |
Male | 795 | 455 | 1250 |
Not a professor | 3215 | 2735 | 5950 |
Female | 1770 | 1120 | 2890 |
Male | 1450 | 1615 | 3065 |
Non-clinical academic | 80530 | 29490 | 110020 |
Professor | 13120 | 915 | 14040 |
Female | 2440 | 190 | 2630 |
Male | 10680 | 725 | 11405 |
Not a professor | 67410 | 28570 | 95980 |
Female | 26510 | 12075 | 38585 |
Male | 40900 | 16495 | 57395 |
In this table 0, 1, 2 are rounded to 0. All other numbers are rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 5. | |||
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables |
The proportion of women among full-time clinical academic staff professors was 16.3% and among non-clinical academic staff professors was 18.7%. Of those staff who were not professors, 48.5% of full-time clinical academic staff were female and 40.2% of non-clinical academic staff
56.0% of full-time clinical staff were wholly institutionally financed compared with 73.2% of non-clinical academic staff. This reflects the greater prevalence of joint funding arrangements for clinical staff such as joint contracts involving the NHS.
Of all academic clinical staff, 20.1% were professors compared with 12.8% of non-clinical academic staff.
Cost centre distribution of full-time academic staff
Table S - Full-time academic staff (excluding atypical) in all UK institutions by source of salary, gender(#3) and cost centre group 2008/09 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wholly institutionally financed | All other sources of finance | ||||||
Female | Male | Total | Female | Male | Total | ||
Cost centres | 30880 | 53820 | 84700 | 13470 | 19295 | 32760 | |
Medicine, dentistry & health | 9135 | 8530 | 17665 | 7100 | 6310 | 13410 | |
Agriculture, forestry & veterinary science | 450 | 790 | 1245 | 290 | 310 | 595 | |
Biological, mathematical & physical sciences | 2605 | 9085 | 11685 | 3290 | 6325 | 9615 | |
Engineering & technology | 1820 | 9600 | 11420 | 910 | 4180 | 5095 | |
Architecture & planning | 500 | 1405 | 1905 | 75 | 160 | 235 | |
Administrative, business & social studies | 7000 | 12475 | 19470 | 905 | 1060 | 1960 | |
Humanities & language based studies & archaeology | 3745 | 5200 | 8950 | 445 | 540 | 980 | |
Design, creative & performing arts | 1675 | 2795 | 4470 | 65 | 80 | 145 | |
Education | 3285 | 3095 | 6380 | 300 | 220 | 520 | |
Academic services | 245 | 220 | 465 | 55 | 50 | 105 | |
Central administration & services, staff & student facilities | 410 | 615 | 1020 | 40 | 65 | 100 | |
Premises | 5 | 15 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Residences & catering | 5 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
In this table 0, 1, 2 are rounded to 0. All other numbers are rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 5. | |||||||
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables |
36.6% of female and 20.3% of male full-time academic staff worked in medicine, dentistry & health. The biological, mathematical & physical science departments accounted for 21.1% of male full-time academic staff.
43.2% of full-time academic staff in medicine, dentistry & health and 45.1% in biological, mathematical & physical sciences were financed other than wholly by the institutions themselves. Cost centre groups with the fewest partially or wholly externally funded full-time academic staff were in the areas of design, creative and performing arts 3.1%, education 7.6%, administrative, business and social studies 9.2%, and humanities and language based studies and archaeology 9.9%, together with administration and central services 9.0%. The Definitions at the end of this volume describe the current cost centre groups, some of which differ from those used prior to 2004/05.
Pattern of employment of academic staff
Table T - Academic staff (excluding atypical) in all UK institutions by academic employment function, gender(#3), mode and terms of employment 2008/09 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full-time | Part-time | ||||||
Open-ended/ permanent | Fixed-term contract | Total | Open-ended/ permanent | Fixed-term contract | Total | ||
Teaching only | 6645 | 1565 | 8210 | 17175 | 20435 | 37610 | |
Female | 3270 | 800 | 4070 | 9065 | 10400 | 19465 | |
Male | 3375 | 765 | 4140 | 8105 | 10035 | 18140 | |
Teaching & research | 70150 | 4960 | 75110 | 10680 | 6345 | 17025 | |
Female | 23865 | 2050 | 25915 | 6295 | 2990 | 9280 | |
Male | 46285 | 2910 | 49195 | 4385 | 3360 | 7745 | |
Research only | 8555 | 24615 | 33170 | 1855 | 4890 | 6745 | |
Female | 3470 | 10480 | 13945 | 1370 | 3160 | 4530 | |
Male | 5085 | 14135 | 19225 | 485 | 1730 | 2215 | |
Neither teaching nor research | 785 | 185 | 970 | 100 | 95 | 195 | |
Female | 315 | 100 | 415 | 70 | 50 | 120 | |
Male | 470 | 85 | 555 | 30 | 45 | 75 | |
Total | 86135 | 31330 | 117465 | 29805 | 31770 | 61575 | |
In this table 0, 1, 2 are rounded to 0. All other numbers are rounded up or down to the nearest multiple of 5. | |||||||
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables |
At 74.2% for full-time staff and 72.5% for part-time staff, fixed-term contracts were the norm among research-only staff regardless of mode of employment, although these percentages continue to fall. Among staff who had teaching responsibilities, the figures were 7.8% and 49.0% respectively, so fixed-term contracts were far commoner for part-time than for full-time teaching staff. For female staff who had teaching responsibilities, the figures were 9.5% and 46.6% respectively, so the proportion of full-time female teaching staff on fixed-term contracts was somewhat higher than that of male staff, whereas there was little difference in relative terms in the proportions for part-time staff.
82.1% of teaching-only staff were part-time, compared with 16.9% for research-only staff and 18.5% for staff with both teaching and research duties.
Higher Education - Business and Community Interaction Survey
The Higher Education-Business and Community Interaction (HE-BCI) Survey is the main vehicle for measuring the volume and direction of interactions between UK HEIs and business and the wider community. HEFCE has collected data via the Survey on behalf of UK Stakeholders’ Group for each academic year from 1999/2000. From 2008/09, the collection of the HE-BCI data has been transferred over to HESA and has been collected in parallel with the HESA Finance Statistics Return (FSR).
The HE-BCI data was collected in two parts, part A is a qualitative questionnaire collected via a web form and part B a set of quantitative data collected in a spreadsheet. The data analysed in tables Ui-Y below is taken from part B data and table Z includes key indicators from part A.
In total, 160 HEIs responded to the HE-BCI survey. All tables, except those relating to income from regeneration and development programmes, are based on these 160 institutions. Income from regeneration and development programmes exclude figures from The University of St Andrews, see Notes to tables for details.
Key points
Table Ui and Uii provide analysis of collaborative and contract research.
Table Ui - Income from research related activities - collaborative research involving public funding 2008/09 and 2007/08(#6) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(£ thousands) | |||||
2008/09 | |||||
Collaborative contribution | |||||
Public funding | Cash | In kind | 2008/09 Total | 2007/08 Total | |
Collaborative research involving public funding | |||||
BIS Research Councils | 232253 | 10599 | 31352 | 274203 | 239018 |
Other UK Government departments | 147595 | 18213 | 23843 | 189651 | 183644 |
EU Government | 184257 | 3628 | 25712 | 213596 | 203817 |
Other | 48026 | 4841 | 1489 | 54356 | 65445 |
Total collaborative research | 612130 | 37280 | 82396 | 731807 | 691924 |
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables | |||||
All monetary values in the HE-BCI part B are shown in units of £1000, and where necessary rounded to the nearest £1000; the consequence of which is that sum of individual values in each row or column may not match the total value. |
Total collaborative research includes income for research projects which have public sponsorship (grant in aid from a Government or public body) to support research performed in collaboration with at least one other non-academic organisation (collaborator). Collaborative research income for the UK increased from £692 million in 2007/08 to £732 million in 2008/09, an increase of 5.8%. Of this, £274 million (37.5%) came from BIS Research Councils; 190 million (25.9%) from Other UK Government departments; £214 million (29.2%) from EU Government and £54 million (7.4%) from other sources. Income from other sources decreased by 16.9% since 2007/08, whereas income from BIS Research Councils increased by 14.7%.
Table Uii - Research related activities - contract research 2008/09 and 2007/08(#6) | |||
---|---|---|---|
2008/09 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 Sub-total RDA area | |
Contract research (excluding any already returned under collaborative research) | |||
Number with SMEs | 2130 | 2291 | 733 |
Total value with SMEs (£ thousands) | 37714 | 36136 | 16009 |
Number with other (non-SME) commercial businesses | 10372 | 10478 | 1085 |
Total value with other (non-SME) commercial businesses (£ thousands) | 344263 | 331574 | 30888 |
Number with non-commercial organisations | 15629 | 14356 | 3498 |
Total value with non-commercial organisations (£ thousands) | 555874 | 467025 | 95158 |
Total number of contracts | 28131 | 27125 | 5316 |
Total value of contracts (£ thousands) | 937851 | 834735 | 142055 |
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables | |||
SME - Small and medium enterprises | |||
RDA - Regional Development Agency |
Contract research income increased by 12.4% to £938 million in 2008/09 from £835 million in 2007/08. There were a total of 28,131 research contracts, of which 2,130 were with small and medium enterprises; 10,372 with non-SME commercial businesses and 15,629 with non-commercial organisations. The non-commercial contracts income accounts for 59.3% of the total contract research income.
Table V provides analysis of business and community services and focuses on the different areas of consultancy contracts, facilities and equipment related services and courses for business and the community.
Table V - Business and community services 2008/09 and 2007/08(#6) | |||
---|---|---|---|
2008/09 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 Sub-total RDA area | |
Consultancy contracts | |||
Number with SMEs | 20600 | 22440 | 6604 |
Total value with SMEs (£ thousands) | 55999 | 57481 | 21283 |
Number with other (non-SME) commercial businesses | 9610 | 10712 | 2762 |
Total value with other (non-SME) commercial businesses (£ thousands) | 85358 | 93629 | 14594 |
Number with non-commercial organisations | 33824 | 30363 | 9543 |
Total value with non-commercial organisations (£ thousands) | 190332 | 176462 | 65495 |
Total number of contracts | 64033 | 63515 | 18909 |
Total income (£ thousands) | 331688 | 327572 | 101371 |
Facilities and equipment related services - organisations involved and income | |||
Number of SMEs | 6676 | 5337 | 2882 |
Total value with SMEs (£ thousands) | 32126 | 32517 | 23677 |
Number of other (non-SME) commercial businesses | 4962 | 4527 | 1136 |
Total value with other (non-SME) commercial businesses (£ thousands) | 31650 | 28126 | 9898 |
Number of non-commercial organisations | 8248 | 7702 | 4754 |
Total value with non-commercial organisations (£ thousands) | 46542 | 43014 | 24599 |
Total number of facilities and equipment related services | 19886 | 17566 | 8772 |
Total income (£ thousands) | 110318 | 103657 | 58174 |
Courses for business and the community - Continuing Professional Development (CPD) courses and Continuing Education (CE) (excluding pre-registration funded by the NHS or TDA) | |||
CPD for SMEs (£ thousands) | 25578 | 28032 | 6824 |
CPD for other (non-SME) commercial businesses (£ thousands) | 112324 | 129531 | 15821 |
CPD for other non-commercial organisations (£ thousands) | 245156 | 222039 | 93835 |
CE and CPD for individuals (£ thousands) | 175712 | 150451 | 40506 |
Total revenue (£ thousands) | 558771 | 530053 | 156986 |
Total learner days of CPD/CE courses delivered | 3986426 | 3624834 | |
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables | |||
SME - Small and medium enterprises | |||
RDA - Regional Development Agency | |||
CPD - Continuing Professional Development | |||
CE - Continuing Education | |||
All monetary values in the HE-BCI part B are shown in units of £1000, and where necessary rounded to the nearest £1000; the consequence of which is that sum of individual values in each row or column may not match the total value. |
The total income from Consultancy contracts was £332 million which consisted of 64,033 contracts. There were 19,886 facilities and equipment related services amounting to £110 million. A further £559 million came from courses for business and the community with a total of 4 million learner days of CPD/CE courses delivered.
Table W provides analysis of regeneration income and activity.
Table W - Income from regeneration and development programmes 2008/09 and 2007/08(#6) | ||
---|---|---|
(£ thousands) | ||
2008/09 | 2007/08 | |
Programme | ||
ERDF income | 32921 | 66290 |
ESF income | 10047 | 33003 |
UK Government regeneration funds | 17914 | 17695 |
RDA programmes* | 74873 | 84880 |
Other regeneration grants and income from local and regional bodies | 15194 | 14872 |
Other | 21377 | 19837 |
Total programmes | 172326 | 236577 |
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables | ||
ERDF - European Regional Development Fund | ||
ESF - European Social Fund | ||
RDA - Regional Development Agency | ||
*For one HEI, RDA programmes figures have been excluded. For further information see note #22 in Notes to tables. Their corrected figures within the sector totals results in the following totals: 2008/09 RDA programmes income: £75,182,000. 2007/08 RDA programmes income: £85,039,000. | ||
All monetary values in the HE-BCI part B are shown in units of £1000, and where necessary rounded to the nearest £1000; the consequence of which is that sum of individual values in each row or column may not match the total value. |
The amount of income from regeneration and development programmes decreased by 27.2% from £237 million in 2007/08 to £172 million in 2008/09. Of this £172 million, £74 million (43.4%) came from Regional Development Agency (RDA) programmes,
Table Xi and Xii provide more detailed analysis of intellectual property (IP).
Table Xi - Intellectual property (IP) 2008/09 and 2007/08(#6) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
2008/09 | 2007/08 | 2008/09 Sub-total RDA area | 2008/09 Sub-total overseas | |
Disclosure and patents filed by or on behalf of the HEI | ||||
Number of disclosures | 3822 | 3594 | ||
Number of new patent applications filed in year | 2097 | 1890 | 850 | |
Number of patents granted in year | 653 | 587 | 335 | |
Cumulative patent portfolio | 14276 | 13968 | 6252 | |
Licence numbers | ||||
Non-software licences granted | 2612 | 2149 | 499 | 349 |
Software only licences granted | 1851 | 1041 | 603 | 125 |
IP income (£ thousands) | ||||
Income from SMEs | 12388 | 11610 | 6531 | |
Other (non-SME) commercial businesses | 35743 | 26252 | 1979 | |
Income from other non-commercial organisations | 8352 | 6654 | 692 | |
Subtotal IP income | 56483 | 44516 | 9202 | 8732 |
Sale of shares in spin-offs | 67885 | 21197 | ||
Total IP revenues | 124368 | 65713 | ||
Total costs | 27794 | 22794 | ||
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables | ||||
SME - Small and medium enterprises | ||||
RDA - Regional Development Agency |
A total of £56 million income came from IP with a further £68 million from the sales of shares in spin-offs. The bulk of the IP income came from other non-SME commercial businesses (63.3%).
Table Xii - Intellectual property (IP) - spin off activities 2008/09 and 2007/08(#6)* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Number still active which have survived at least 3 years | Number of active firms | Estimated current employment of all active firms (FTE) | |
2008/09 | ||||
Spin-offs with some HEI ownership | 157 | 820 | 1077 | 11322 |
Formal spin-offs, not HEI-owned | 34 | 160 | 243 | 3026 |
Staff start-ups | 53 | 164 | 248 | 1062 |
Graduate start-ups | 2031 | 1657 | 3991 | 7917 |
2007/08 | ||||
Spin-offs with some HEI ownership | 168 | 789 | 1098 | 10735 |
Formal spin-offs, not HEI-owned | 54 | 132 | 224 | 3350 |
Staff start-ups | 38 | 153 | 240 | 2351 |
Graduate start-ups | 1924 | 1273 | 3829 | 6167 |
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables | ||||
*Data for one HEI has been excluded from these figures due to a known significant error in the reporting of IP - spin-off activities. For further information see note #24 in Notes to tables. |
Table Y includes analysis of social, community and cultural events intended for the external community. It is designed to measure the impact of activities where financial income is an inappropriate proxy for impact.
Table Y - Social, community and cultural engagement: designated public events 2008/09 and 2007/08(#6) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free events | Chargeable events | ||||
Attendees | Academic staff time (days) | Attendees | Academic staff time (days) | ||
2008/09 | |||||
Public lectures | 755895 | 13318 | 136637 | 2713 | |
Performance arts (music, dance, drama etc.) | 439734 | 9299 | 1659598 | 9389 | |
Exhibitions (galleries, museums etc.) | 5926479 | 26069 | 735605 | 3210 | |
Museum education | 407427 | 5468 | 263029 | 2103 | |
Other | 212135408 | 15248 | 1814590 | 5051 | |
2007/08 | |||||
Public lectures | 703955 | 16260 | 138881 | 3608 | |
Performance arts (music, dance, drama etc.) | 587362 | 8378 | 1666982 | 10270 | |
Exhibitions (galleries, museums etc.) | 4512610 | 26879 | 558402 | 3529 | |
Museum education | 372558 | 4810 | 76515 | 2367 | |
Other | 217167262 | 11680 | 1985174 | 4256 | |
Note: Events designed for the external community | |||||
# see relevant footnote in Notes to tables |
It is worthy of note that the 'Other' figures above include alternative public events held by the HEI, which cannot be disaggregated further. This can include viewing and listening figures for television and radio programmes produced by institutions, and downloads from institutional websites.
In total there were 219.7 million attendees to free events and a further 4.6 million attendees to chargeable events. Public lectures, performance arts, exhibitions and museum education combined only accounted for 3.4% of the attendees to free events. Performance arts alone accounted for 36.0% of the attendance to chargeable events.
Table Z provides some key indicators from part A of the HE-BCI survey.
Table Z - Key indicators from HE-BCI Survey part A 2008/09 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
England | Wales | Scotland | Northern Ireland | Total | |
Percentage of HEIs with a central dedicated unit which provides an enquiry point for SMEs | 91.6% | 100.0% | 92.9% | 50.0% | 91.3% |
Percentage of HEIs with a central dedicated unit which provides a contracting system for all staff business and community interaction activities | 71.0% | 72.7% | 78.6% | 50.0% | 71.3% |
Percentage of HEIs who provide distance learning (online course content) | 73.3% | 90.9% | 64.3% | 75.0% | 73.8% |
Percentage of HEIs who provide continuous work-based learning | 73.3% | 81.8% | 42.9% | 50.0% | 70.6% |
Percentage of HEIs who provide short bespoke courses for business on campus | 93.1% | 100.0% | 92.9% | 50.0% | 92.5% |
Percentage of HEIs who provide short bespoke courses at business premises | 86.3% | 63.6% | 78.6% | 50.0% | 83.1% |
SME - Small and medium enterprises |
Of all HEIs who responded to part A of the survey, 91.3% indicated that they had a dedicated unit which provided an enquiry point for SMEs and 71.3% had a dedicated unit which provided a contracting system for all staff business and community interaction activities.
Of all UK HEIs who responded to part A of the survey, 73.8% offered a distance learning (online course content) and 92.5% offered short bespoke courses for business on campus.
1 The negative figures within 'Intangible assets' are attributable to negative goodwill within institutional accounts.
2 Despite its name, this cost centre does not include modern languages, which is a separate cost centre.